LA HISTORIA NO ES EL PASADO, PORQUE TRANSCURRE HOY .
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EL CONVENTILLO

Casi todos saben qué es un conventillo.
Su significado histórico se ha visto reflejado en relatos, en piezas teatrales, en imágenes antiguas, se ha construido su espacio como “crisol de razas” a veces un poco idealizado. Su significado peyorativo lo define como un lugar confuso. “esto parece un conventillo” significa en el habla cotidiana un lugar caótico, desmadrado, donde la convivencia es dificultosa.
Menos habitual es su significado económico: el conventillo era un negocio inmobiliario. Su dueño pretendía conseguir dinero mediante el alquiler y al construir, trataba de obtener más habitaciones y al mismo tiempo, dar las mínimas comodidades posibles. Era un equilibrio económico: cómo dar habitaciones a la renta con los servicios mínimos, pero que estos no sean tan menguados como para que el alquiler tenga que ser rebajado por la sordidez o la incomodidad del establecimiento.
Así, el conventillo debía tener seis, siete, diez habitaciones, y una pileta y un baño común, llamado, algo eufemísticamente, “el excusado”.
Las habitaciones se alineaban, ahorrando materiales y acelerando la construcción. Un lote alargado permitía más habitaciones y un patio lateral largo y estrecho. Algunos conventillos eran simples pasillos con habitaciones a los lados, como el de D´all Orso” en calle Gorriti.
Al aumentar habitaciones, el baño no da abasto, se forman filas para lavarse en el piletón, se hacen charcos y barriales, aparece la riña, la suciedad. El conventillo se hace “mala fama” y el inquilino por el mismo precio, se busca otra casa. “Los más pobres entre los pobres” llegan por el bajo costo y la “mala fama” crece.

---------------------------------El “piletón” del conventillo. Monos y Monadas, 1911--------------------------------

Había otro difícil equilibrio: obtener y comprar un lote barato, pero cerca de algún consumo de mano de obra, demanda que incrementaba los costos de la tierra… El ojo avizor de los cazadores de lotes estaba siempre alerta.
En el Barrio de la Refinería eran comunes los “conventos” de cinco a diez habitaciones. Algunos, como los “40 cuartos”, seguramente tenían más de un solo baño para ser habitables; el mítico “Atrevido” seguro poseía servicios; y los llamados “Cuartos de Arijón” tratarían de brindar lo mínimo indispensable para la supervivencia del arrendatario. Otros tenían sólo algunas habitaciones, pero el servicio mínino era un piletón y un baño, solitarios.

También debían ser económica la construcción. La decoración estaba de más. Las habitaciones de 4 x 5 metros eran comunes, porque correspondían a un riel completo, que se usaba para las bovedillas; así, cinco metros se usaban en el interior y un metro en el alero externo de la galería. Los 4 metros eran generalmente cinco rieles. Muchas veces los techos eran de chapa, y los tirantes disponibles de de 3 o 4 metros obligaban a espacios más estrechos y más baratos.
Las paredes eran de ladrillos comunes “bayos” (mal cocidos), material abundante y barato de descarte para la mampostería de 30 centímetros de espesor para paredes de apoyo, y de 15 centímetros entre cuartos.
La humedad provocaba manchas en los muros, tapadas con pinturas impermeables grasosas de cal y kerosene. Por eso se solían ver la parte baja de las paredes pintadas de un rosa suave.
Las instalaciones eléctricas se reducían a un farol en el patio y un timbre de la entrada (tal vez a pilas húmedas). De allí viene la letra del conocido tango “cuando estén secas las pilas, de todos los timbres, que vos apretás…”. En las habitaciones, velas que ponía el inquilino… no había luz.
Las ventanas eran huecos con rústicas ventanas de álamo y vidrios delgadísimos, la puerta una simple tablazón. El piso más común era de tierra o de ladrillos, a veces de cemento.
Dadas las exiguas medidas de los cuartos y las condiciones de vida, veremos que la subsistencia era precisamente eso: sobrevivir.
Según Eduardo Wilde (Obras Completas, 1895): “Un cuarto de conventillo, como se llaman esas casas ómnibus, que alberga desde el pordiosero al pequeño industrial, tiene una puerta al patio y una ventana, cuando más; es una pieza cuadrada de cuatro metros por costado, y sirve para todo lo siguiente: es la alcoba del marido, de la mujer y de la cría, como dicen ellos en su lenguaje expresivo (…)”. Adrián Patroni, (Los trabajadores en la Argentina, 1898) describe los conventillos porteños, muy similares a los rosarinos, por lo demás: “Las habitaciones son ocupadas por familias obreras, la mayoría con 3, 4, 5 y hasta 6 hijos, cuando no por 3 ó 4 hombres solos. Pocos son los conventillos donde se alberguen menos de 150 personas.
En el cuarto había espacio para una cama matrimonial, algunos cajones, una mesa arrimada a la pared y un peligroso brasero. Algunos conventillos tenían cocina aparte, que garantizaba mayor comodidad.

-----------------------------------Familia en un conventillo. Monos y Monadas, 1911. -----------------------------

Hay que hablar, por supuesto, de los precios. Los precios de las piezas oscilaban en 1907 entre 10 y 15 pesos al mes, una fortuna para un peón que ganaba un peso por día. Muy poco quedaba del salario, si no “sumaba” la mujer y los hijos mayores. El resto del sueldo era para comida, carbón, vestuario y los “vicios” del hombre: cigarrillos, grapa o vino, la fonda o el bar.
Si no se pagaba, el “encargao” arrojaba a la familia completa a la calle. Al menos en Buenos Aires, se sabe que el dueño se quedaba con lo que había en la pieza para su resarcimiento económico. En el periódico La Protesta, 13 de septiembre de 1907, p. 1. , se podía leer:
“ Nuestra divisa contra la avaricia de los propietarios debe ser: No pagar el alquiler."
El conventillo era un lugar donde también se trabajaba. Las mujeres muchas veces lavaban o planchaban allí, en “palanganas” agrisadas por el jabón barato; o planchaban a tanto la pila. Algún inquilino vendía en el interior del “convento” las baratas verduras de consumo cotidiano, “mercadas” por el “gringo” en dos o tres canastos de brazo.
Esta mirada no pretende desmitificar, sino dar un carácter más “realista”, brindando aspectos no siempre tomados en cuenta. En Rosario, según el censo de 1884, había en Rosario 6.288 conventillos. Un cálculo simple a cinco piezas por conventillo, da una ganancia mensual de unos cien mil pesos. Una fortuna para la época, distribuida entre unos pocos.
El conventillo era una pieza clave en el uso del suelo: permitía una alta concentración de gente en pocos metros cuadrados con una inversión mínima. Es el inicio del negocio inmobiliario extensivo, o sea privilegiando la cantidad a la calidad para maximizar la ganancia. El origen del conventillo es la especulación, basada en una demanda creciente de vivienda dado un aumento de la población activa, una creación que en vez de dar mejores condiciones de vida y alquilarlas más caras, ofrece un sistema elemental a bajo precio. Finalmente, ese precio es caro, porque hay un “piso” de costos y de ganancia que los dueños no resignan, que no condice con el poder adquisitivo del eventual inquilino. Una realidad muy semejante a la actual…
Las causas de este espacio (el conventillo) no son solamente sociales. Son económicas también, y económicas las resultantes. Comprender el conventillo sólo como un “crisol de razas”, como una licuadora sin conflictos y sin causas profundas, es una imagen metafórica cuanto menos incompleta.

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